CHUNKING
*A technique of combining many units of information into a limited number of units or chunks, so that the information is easier to process and remember.
Purpose
- increase recall performance
- increase problem solving performance
- retain information
Chunking In Design.
- applies as a general technique to simplify designs
- use chunking when people are required to recall and retain information or for problem solving
- do not use Chunking when information is to be searched or scanned.
The figure shows the information about each level is in the Kuching International Airport (KIA). This information enables passangers around the airport to get information on every floor.
Classical Conditioning
-cause pleasure or evokes a positive emotional response
2. Negative Trigger Stimuli
-cause pain or evokes a negative emotional response
Serial Position Effect
*A phenomenon of memory in which items presented at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be recalled than items in the middle of a list.
Primacy Effect, occur because the initial items in a list are stores in long-term memory more efficiently than items in the list.
Recency Effect, occur because the last few items in a list are still in working memory, and readily available.
Picture Superiority Effect
*generally more easily to recognize and recalled than words.
*combination is superior to memory.
Von Restorff Effect
*a phenomenon of memory in which noticeably different things are more likely to be recalled than common things.
*the increased likelihood of remembering unique or distinctive events or objects versus those that are common.
*primarily the result of the increased attention given to the distinctive items in a set:
-may be a list of words
-a number of objects
-a sequence of events,
-the names and faces of people.
Forgiveness
*Designs should help people avoid errors and minimize the negative consequences of errors when they do occur.
*Common strategies for incorporating forgiveness in designs include:
Good Affordances - physical characteristics of the design that influence its correct use.
Reversibility of Actions - one or more actions can be reversed if an error occurs or the intent of the person changes.
Safety Nets - device or process that minimizes the negative consequences of a catastrophic error or failure.
Confirmation - verification of intent that is required before critical actions are allowed
Warnings - signs, prompts, or alarms used to warn of imminent danger.
Help - information that assists in basic operations, troubleshooting, and error recovery.
- a technique to associate a stimulus with an unconscious physical or emotional response.
- used in animal training, behavior modification in people, marketing and advertisement.
- use to influence the appeal of a design with a trigger stimulus will condition an association over time.
-cause pleasure or evokes a positive emotional response
2. Negative Trigger Stimuli
-cause pain or evokes a negative emotional response
Serial Position Effect
*A phenomenon of memory in which items presented at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be recalled than items in the middle of a list.
Primacy Effect, occur because the initial items in a list are stores in long-term memory more efficiently than items in the list.
Recency Effect, occur because the last few items in a list are still in working memory, and readily available.
*generally more easily to recognize and recalled than words.
*combination is superior to memory.
Image shows a hand-dryer that has written and illustrated instructions. However, people are tend to follow the pictures compare the reading instruction.
*commonly used in instructional design, advertising, technical writing and other design contexts requiring easy and accurate recall of information.
Von Restorff Effect
*a phenomenon of memory in which noticeably different things are more likely to be recalled than common things.
*the increased likelihood of remembering unique or distinctive events or objects versus those that are common.
*primarily the result of the increased attention given to the distinctive items in a set:
-may be a list of words
-a number of objects
-a sequence of events,
-the names and faces of people.
Forgiveness
*Designs should help people avoid errors and minimize the negative consequences of errors when they do occur.
*Common strategies for incorporating forgiveness in designs include:
Good Affordances - physical characteristics of the design that influence its correct use.
Reversibility of Actions - one or more actions can be reversed if an error occurs or the intent of the person changes.
Safety Nets - device or process that minimizes the negative consequences of a catastrophic error or failure.
Confirmation - verification of intent that is required before critical actions are allowed
Warnings - signs, prompts, or alarms used to warn of imminent danger.
Help - information that assists in basic operations, troubleshooting, and error recovery.
